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Africa :: Egypt
page last updated on October 9, 2012
Flag of Egypt
(CONTAINS DESCRIPTION)
Location of Egypt
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Introduction ::Egypt
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The regularity and richness of the annual Nile River flood, coupled with semi-isolation provided by deserts to the east and west, allowed for the development of one of the world's great civilizations. A unified kingdom arose circa 3200 B.C., and a series of dynasties ruled in Egypt for the next three millennia. The last native dynasty fell to the Persians in 341 B.C., who in turn were replaced by the Greeks, Romans, and Byzantines. It was the Arabs who introduced Islam and the Arabic language in the 7th century and who ruled for the next six centuries. A local military caste, the Mamluks took control about 1250 and continued to govern after the conquest of Egypt by the Ottoman Turks in 1517. Following the completion of the Suez Canal in 1869, Egypt became an important world transportation hub, but also fell heavily into debt. Ostensibly to protect its investments, Britain seized control of Egypt's government in 1882, but nominal allegiance to the Ottoman Empire continued until 1914. Partially independent from the UK in 1922, Egypt acquired full sovereignty with the overthrow of the British-backed monarchy in 1952. The completion of the Aswan High Dam in 1971 and the resultant Lake Nasser have altered the time-honored place of the Nile River in the agriculture and ecology of Egypt. A rapidly growing population (the largest in the Arab world), limited arable land, and dependence on the Nile all continue to overtax resources and stress society. The government has struggled to meet the demands of Egypt's growing population through economic reform and massive investment in communications and physical infrastructure. Egyptian youth and opposition groups, inspired by events in Tunisia leading to overthrow of the government there, organized a "Day of Rage" campaign on 25 January 2011 (Police Day) to include non-violent demonstrations, marches, and labor strikes in Cairo and other cities throughout Egypt. Protester grievances focused on police brutality, state emergency laws, lack of free speech and elections, high unemployment, rising food prices, inflation, and low minimum wages. Within several days of the onset of protests, President MUBARAK addressed the nation pledging the formation of a new government, and in a second address he offered additional concessions, which failed to assuage protesters and resulted in an escalation of the number and intensity of demonstrations and clashes with police. On 11 February MUBARAK resigned and national leadership was assumed by a Supreme Council of Armed Forces (SCAF). The SCAF dissolved the Egyptian parliament, suspended the nation's constitution, and formed a committee to recommend constitutional changes to facilitate a political transition through democratic elections. Following some delays, elections for a new parliament took place between November 2011 and January 2012. Presidential elections held in May and June witnessed the victory of Muslim Brotherhood candidate Mohammed MURSI over former Prime Minister Ahmed SHAFIQ.
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Geography ::Egypt
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Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Libya and the Gaza Strip, and the Red Sea north of Sudan, and includes the Asian Sinai Peninsula
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27 00 N, 30 00 E
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total: 1,001,450 sq km
country comparison to the world: 30
land: 995,450 sq km
water: 6,000 sq km
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slightly more than three times the size of New Mexico
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total: 2,665 km
border countries: Gaza Strip 11 km, Israel 266 km, Libya 1,115 km, Sudan 1,273 km
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2,450 km
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territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation
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desert; hot, dry summers with moderate winters
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vast desert plateau interrupted by Nile valley and delta
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lowest point: Qattara Depression -133 m
highest point: Mount Catherine 2,629 m
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petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, manganese, limestone, gypsum, talc, asbestos, lead, rare earth elements, zinc
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arable land: 2.92%
permanent crops: 0.5%
other: 96.58% (2005)
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35,300 sq km (2003)
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86.8 cu km (1997)
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total: 68.3 cu km/yr (8%/6%/86%)
per capita: 923 cu m/yr (2000)
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periodic droughts; frequent earthquakes; flash floods; landslides; hot, driving windstorms called khamsin occur in spring; dust storms; sandstorms
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agricultural land being lost to urbanization and windblown sands; increasing soil salination below Aswan High Dam; desertification; oil pollution threatening coral reefs, beaches, and marine habitats; other water pollution from agricultural pesticides, raw sewage, and industrial effluents; limited natural freshwater resources away from the Nile, which is the only perennial water source; rapid growth in population overstraining the Nile and natural resources
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party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
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controls Sinai Peninsula, only land bridge between Africa and remainder of Eastern Hemisphere; controls Suez Canal, a sea link between Indian Ocean and Mediterranean Sea; size, and juxtaposition to Israel, establish its major role in Middle Eastern geopolitics; dependence on upstream neighbors; dominance of Nile basin issues; prone to influxes of refugees from Sudan and the Palestinian territories
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People ::Egypt
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noun: Egyptian(s)
adjective: Egyptian
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Egyptian 99.6%, other 0.4% (2006 census)
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Arabic (official), English and French widely understood by educated classes
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Muslim (mostly Sunni) 90%, Coptic 9%, other Christian 1%
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83,688,164 (July 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 15
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0-14 years: 32.5% (male 13,917,469/ female 13,298,009)
15-64 years: 62.8% (male 26,710,597/ female 25,869,016)
65 years and over: 4.7% (male 1,750,195/ female 2,142,878) (2012 est.)
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total: 24.6 years
male: 24.3 years
female: 24.9 years (2012 est.)
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1.922% (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 59
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24.22 births/1,000 population (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 65
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4.8 deaths/1,000 population (July 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 191
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-0.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 123
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urban population: 43.4% of total population (2010)
rate of urbanization: 2.1% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
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CAIRO (capital) 10.902 million; Alexandria 4.387 million (2009)
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at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.82 male(s)/female
total population: 1.03 male(s)/female (2011 est.)
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66 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)
country comparison to the world: 92
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total: 24.23 deaths/1,000 live births
country comparison to the world: 82
male: 25.8 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 22.59 deaths/1,000 live births (2012 est.)
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total population: 72.93 years
country comparison to the world: 122
male: 70.33 years
female: 75.66 years (2012 est.)
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2.94 children born/woman (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 65
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6.4% of GDP (2009)
country comparison to the world: 96
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2.83 physicians/1,000 population (2009)
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1.7 beds/1,000 population (2009)
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less than 0.1% (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 122
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11,000 (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 94
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fewer than 500 (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 84
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degree of risk: intermediate
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: Rift Valley fever
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)
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30.3% (2006)
country comparison to the world: 8
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6.8% (2008)
country comparison to the world: 74
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3.8% of GDP (2008)
country comparison to the world: 109
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definition: age 10 and over can read and write
total population: 72%
male: 80.3%
female: 63.5% (2010 est.)
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total: 11 years
male: 11 years
female: 11 years (2004)
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total: 24.8%
country comparison to the world: 32
male: 17.2%
female: 47.9% (2007)
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Government ::Egypt
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conventional long form: Arab Republic of Egypt
conventional short form: Egypt
local long form: Jumhuriyat Misr al-Arabiyah
local short form: Misr
former: United Arab Republic (with Syria)
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republic
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name: Cairo
geographic coordinates: 30 03 N, 31 15 E
time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
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27 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazat); Ad Daqahliyah, Al Bahr al Ahmar (Red Sea), Al Buhayrah, Al Fayyum, Al Gharbiyah, Al Iskandariyah (Alexandria), Al Isma'iliyah (Ismailia), Al Jizah (Giza), Al Minufiyah, Al Minya, Al Qahirah (Cairo), Al Qalyubiyah, Al Uqsur (Luxor), Al Wadi al Jadid (New Valley), As Suways (Suez), Ash Sharqiyah, Aswan, Asyut, Bani Suwayf, Bur Sa'id (Port Said), Dumyat (Damietta), Janub Sina' (South Sinai), Kafr ash Shaykh, Matruh, Qina, Shamal Sina' (North Sinai), Suhaj
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28 February 1922 (from UK protectorate status; the revolution that began on 23 July 1952 led to a republic being declared on 18 June 1953 and all British troops withdrawn on 18 June 1956); note - it was ca. 3200 B.C. that the Two Lands of Upper (southern) and Lower (northern) Egypt were first united politically
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Revolution Day, 23 July (1952)
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provisional constitution passed by referendum 19 March 2011; adopted 30 March 2011
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mixed legal system based on Napoleonic civil law and Islamic religious law; judicial review by Supreme Court and Council of State (oversees validity of administrative decisions)
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accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; non-party state to the ICCt
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18 years of age; universal and compulsory
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chief of state: President Muhammad MURSI (since 30 June 2012); vice president Mohamed MEKKY (since 13 August 2012)
head of government: Prime Minister Hisham QANDIL (since 24 July 2012)
cabinet: Prime Minister GANZOURI asked to form a new government on 27 November 2011
(For more information visit the World Leaders website Opens in New Window)
elections: presidential election (first round held on 23-24 May 2012; runoff held on 16-17 June 2012
election results: percent of vote (first round) - Mohammed MURSI 24.3%, Ahmed SHAFIQ 23.3%, Hamdin SABBAHI 20.4%, Abdul Moneim Aboul FOTOUH 17.2%, Amr MOUSSA 11.1, other 3.7%; (runoff) - Mohammed MURSI 51.7%, Ahmed SHAFIQ 48.3%
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bicameral system consists of the Advisory Council or Majlis al-Shura (Shura Council) that traditionally functions mostly in a consultative role (270 seats; 180 members elected by popular vote, 90 appointed by the president; members serve six-year terms; mid-term elections for half of the elected members) and the People's Assembly or Majlis al-Sha'b (508 seats; 498 members elected by popular vote, 64 seats reserved for women, 10 appointed by the president; members serve five-year terms)
elections: Advisory Council - last held in June 2010 (next to be held in 2012); People's Assembly - last held in three phases (two rounds each) between November 2011 and January 2012
election results: Advisory Council - percent of vote by party - Democratic Alliance for Egypt 45%, Alliance for Egypt (Islamic Bloc) 28.6%, New Wafd Party 8.5%, Egyptian Bloc 5.4%, other 2.8%;; seats by party - Democratic Alliance for Egypt 105, Alliance for Egypt (Islamic Bloc) 45, New Wafd Party 14, Egyptian Bloc 8, other 4, independents 4, presidential appointees 90; People's Assembly - percent of vote by party - Democratic Alliance for Egypt 37.5%, Alliance for Egypt (Islamic Bloc) 27.8%, New Wafd Party 9.2%, Egyptian Bloc 8.9%, Al Wasat Party 3.7%, The Revolution Continues Alliance 2.8%, Reform and Development Party 2.2%, National Party of Egypt 1.6%, Freedom Party 1.9%, Egyptian Citizen Party 0.9%, other 3.7; seats by party - Democratic Alliance of Egypt 235, Alliance for Egypt (Islamic Bloc) 123, New Wafd Party 38, Egyptian Bloc 35, Al-Wasat 10, Reform and Development Party 9, The Revolution Continues Alliance 8, National Party of Egypt 5, Egyptian Citizen Party 4, Freedom Party 4, independents 21, other 6, SCAF appointees 10
note: the Supreme Court on 14 June 2012 dissolved the People's Assembly; lawsuit to dissolve the Advisory Council is pending
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Supreme Constitutional Court
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Al-Wasat Party; Democratic Alliance for Egypt (includes Freedom and Justice Party, Dignity Party, Socialist Labour Party, Ghad El-Thawra Party, Liberal Party, Democratic Generation Party, Egyptian Arab Socialist Party); Democratic Peace Party; Egyptian Bloc (includes Free Egyptians Party, Egyptian Social Democratic Party, National Progressive Unionist Party); Egyptian Citizen Party; Freedom Party; Islamic Bloc (includes Al Nour, Building and Development Party, Authenticity Party); National Party of Egypt; New Wafd Party [Sayed EL-BEDAWY]; Reform and Development Party; The Revolution Continues Alliance (includes Socialist Party, Egyptian Alliance Party, Equality and Development Party, Coalition of the Youth of the Revolution)
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NA
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ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, AU, BSEC (observer), CAEU, CICA, COMESA, D-8, EBRD, FAO, G-15, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, LAS, MIGA, MINURSO, MONUSCO, NAM, OAPEC, OAS (observer), OIC, OIF, OSCE (partner), PCA, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
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chief of mission: Ambassador Mohamed TAWFIK
chancery: 3521 International Court NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 895-5400
FAX: [1] (202) 244-4319
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, New York, San Francisco
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chief of mission: Ambassador Ann W. PATTERSON
embassy: 8 Kamal El Din Salah St., Garden City, Cairo
mailing address: Unit 64900, Box 15, APO AE 09839-4900; 5 Tawfik Diab Street, Garden City, Cairo
telephone: [20] (2) 2797-3300
FAX: [20] (2) 2797-3200
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three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black; the national emblem (a gold Eagle of Saladin facing the hoist side with a shield superimposed on its chest above a scroll bearing the name of the country in Arabic) centered in the white band; the band colors derive from the Arab Liberation flag and represent oppression (black), overcome through bloody struggle (red), to be replaced by a bright future (white)
note: similar to the flag of Syria, which has two green stars in the white band, Iraq, which has an Arabic inscription centered in the white band, and Yemen, which has a plain white band
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golden eagle
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name: "Bilady, Bilady, Bilady" (My Homeland, My Homeland, My Homeland)
lyrics/music: Younis-al QADI/Sayed DARWISH
note: adopted 1979; after the signing of the 1979 peace with Israel, Egypt sought to create an anthem less militaristic than its previous one; Sayed DARWISH, commonly considered the father of modern Egyptian music, composed the anthem
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Economy ::Egypt
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Occupying the northeast corner of the African continent, Egypt is bisected by the highly fertile Nile valley, where most economic activity takes place. Egypt's economy was highly centralized during the rule of former President Gamal Abdel NASSER but opened up considerably under former Presidents Anwar EL-SADAT and Mohamed Hosni MUBARAK. Cairo from 2004 to 2008 aggressively pursued economic reforms to attract foreign investment and facilitate GDP growth. Despite the relatively high levels of economic growth in recent years, living conditions for the average Egyptian remained poor and contributed to public discontent. After unrest erupted in January 2011, the Egyptian Government drastically increased social spending to address public dissatisfaction, but political uncertainty at the same time caused economic growth to slow significantly, reducing the government's revenues. Tourism, manufacturing, and construction are among the hardest hit sectors of the Egyptian economy, and economic growth is likely to remain slow at least through 2012. The government is utilizing foreign exchange reserves to support the Egyptian pound and Egypt may seek a loan from the International Monetary Fund.
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$525.6 billion (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 27
$516.5 billion (2010 est.)
$491.2 billion (2009 est.)
note: data are in 2011 US dollars
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$235.7 billion (2011 est.)
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1.8% (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 155
5.1% (2010 est.)
4.7% (2009 est.)
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$6,600 (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 137
$6,600 (2010 est.)
$6,400 (2009 est.)
note: data are in 2011 US dollars
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agriculture: 14.5%
industry: 37.6%
services: 47.6% (2011 est.)
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27.74 million (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 22
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agriculture: 32%
industry: 17%
services: 51% (2001 est.)
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12.2% (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 129
9% (2010 est.)
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20% (2005 est.)
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lowest 10%: 3.9%
highest 10%: 27.6% (2005)
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34.4 (2001)
country comparison to the world: 89
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14.8% of GDP (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 135
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revenues: $44.69 billion
expenditures: $67.7 billion (2011 est.)
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19% of GDP (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 171
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-9.8% of GDP (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 196
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83.4% of GDP (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 21
81.4% of GDP (2010 est.)
note: data cover central government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are sold at public auctions
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10.2% (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 193
11.1% (2010 est.)
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8.68% (31 December 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 36
8.5% (31 December 2009 est.)
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11.03% (31 December 2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 77
11.008% (31 December 2010 est.)
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$49.27 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 47
$38.5 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
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$172.7 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 44
$168.3 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
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$137.5 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 46
$141.6 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
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$48.68 billion (31 December 2011)
country comparison to the world: 45
$82.49 billion (31 December 2010)
$89.95 billion (31 December 2009)
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cotton, rice, corn, wheat, beans, fruits, vegetables; cattle, water buffalo, sheep, goats
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textiles, food processing, tourism, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, hydrocarbons, construction, cement, metals, light manufactures
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0.5% (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 143
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-$5.422 billion (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 168
-$5.596 billion (2010 est.)
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$27.91 billion (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 68
$25.02 billion (2010 est.)
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crude oil and petroleum products, cotton, textiles, metal products, chemicals, processed food
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Italy 8.8%, Germany 5.5%, US 5.5%, India 5.2%, Saudi Arabia 5.1%, Spain 4.7%, France 4.5% (2011)
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$53.97 billion (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 52
$52.7 billion (2010 est.)
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machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, chemicals, wood products, fuels
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China 11.5%, US 9.8%, Italy 5.6%, Germany 4.9%, Turkey 4.4%, Brazil 4.1% (2011)
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$17.66 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 61
$35.79 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
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$33.74 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 67
$34.84 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
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$72.61 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 46
$73.1 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
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$6.073 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 60
$5.447 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
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Egyptian pounds (EGP) per US dollar -
5.9328 (2011 est.)
5.6219 (2010 est.)
5.545 (2009)
5.4 (2008)
5.67 (2007)
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1 July - 30 June
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Energy ::Egypt
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136.6 billion kWh (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 28
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115.8 billion kWh (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 28
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1.118 billion kWh (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 57
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183 million kWh (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 87
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24.67 million kW (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 32
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86.9% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 83
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0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 81
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11.4% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 114
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1.7% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 63
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711,500 bbl/day (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 27
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86,720 bbl/day (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 40
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48,590 bbl/day (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 56
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4.4 billion bbl (1 January 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 29
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628,100 bbl/day (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 29
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816,300 bbl/day (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 25
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91,680 bbl/day (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 44
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114,600 bbl/day (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 46
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61.33 billion cu m (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 15
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46.16 billion cu m (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 18
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15.17 billion cu m (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 18
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0 cu m (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 189
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2.186 trillion cu m (1 January 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 17
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196.5 million Mt (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 28
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Communications ::Egypt
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8.714 million (2011)
country comparison to the world: 23
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83.425 million (2011)
country comparison to the world: 16
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general assessment: underwent extensive upgrading during 1990s; principal centers at Alexandria, Cairo, Al Mansurah, Ismailia, Suez, and Tanta are connected by coaxial cable and microwave radio relay
domestic: largest fixed-line system in the region; as of 2011 there were multiple mobile-cellular networks with a total of roughly 83 million subscribers
international: country code - 20; landing point for Aletar, the SEA-ME-WE-3 and SEA-ME-WE-4 submarine cable networks, Link Around the Globe (FLAG) Falcon and FLAG FEA; satellite earth stations - 4 (2 Intelsat - Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean, 1 Arabsat, and 1 Inmarsat); tropospheric scatter to Sudan; microwave radio relay to Israel; a participant in Medarabtel (2011)
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mix of state-run and private broadcast media; state-run TV operates 2 national and 6 regional terrestrial networks as well as a few satellite channels; about 20 private satellite channels and a large number of Arabic satellite channels are available via subscription; state-run radio operates about 70 stations belonging to 8 networks; 2 privately-owned radio stations operational (2008)
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.eg
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200,336 (2010)
country comparison to the world: 70
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20.136 million (2009)
country comparison to the world: 21
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Transportation ::Egypt
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84 (2012)
country comparison to the world: 67
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total: 72
over 3,047 m: 15
2,438 to 3,047 m: 36
1,524 to 2,437 m: 15
under 914 m: 6 (2012)
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total: 12
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 3
914 to 1,523 m: 5
under 914 m: 3 (2012)
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6 (2012)
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condensate 320 km; condensate/gas 13 km; gas 6,628 km; liquid petroleum gas 956 km; oil 4,332 km; oil/gas/water 3 km; refined products 895 km; water 13 km (2010)
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total: 5,083 km
country comparison to the world: 34
standard gauge: 5,083 km 1.435-m gauge (62 km electrified) (2009)
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total: 65,050 km
country comparison to the world: 70
paved: 47,500 km
unpaved: 17,550 km (2009)
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3,500 km (includes the Nile River, Lake Nasser, Alexandria-Cairo Waterway, and numerous smaller canals in Nile Delta; the Suez Canal (193.5 km including approaches) is navigable by oceangoing vessels drawing up to 17.68 m) (2011)
country comparison to the world: 30
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total: 67
country comparison to the world: 62
by type: bulk carrier 16, cargo 20, container 3, passenger/cargo 7, petroleum tanker 12, roll on/roll off 9
foreign-owned: 13 (Denmark 1, France 1, Greece 8, Jordan 2, Lebanon 1)
registered in other countries: 42 (Cambodia 4, Georgia 7, Honduras 2, Liberia 3, Malta 1, Marshall Islands 1, Moldova 5, Panama 11, Saint Kitts and Nevis 1, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 2, Saudi Arabia 1, Sierra Leone 3, unknown 1) (2010)
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Ayn Sukhnah, Alexandria, Damietta, El Dekheila, Port Said, Sidi Kurayr, Suez
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Military ::Egypt
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Army, Navy, Air Force, Air Defense Command
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18-30 years of age for male conscript military service; service obligation - 18-36 months, followed by a 9-year reserve obligation; voluntary enlistment possible from age 16 (2012)
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males age 16-49: 21,012,199
females age 16-49: 20,145,021 (2010 est.)
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males age 16-49: 18,060,543
females age 16-49: 17,244,838 (2010 est.)
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male: 783,405
female: 748,647 (2010 est.)
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3.4% of GDP (2005 est.)
country comparison to the world: 35
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Transnational Issues ::Egypt
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Sudan claims but Egypt de facto administers security and economic development of Halaib region north of the 22nd parallel boundary; Egypt no longer shows its administration of the Bir Tawil trapezoid in Sudan on its maps; Gazan breaches in the security wall with Egypt in January 2008 highlight difficulties in monitoring the Sinai border; Saudi Arabia claims Egyptian-administered islands of Tiran and Sanafir
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refugees (country of origin): 7,175 (Iraq); 70,026 (Palestinian Territories); 10,035 (Sudan) (2012)
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transit point for cannabis, heroin, and opium moving to Europe, Israel, and North Africa; transit stop for Nigerian drug couriers; concern as money laundering site due to lax enforcement of financial regulations
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  The online Factbook is updated weekly. ISSN 1553-8133
For additional information on government leaders in selected foreign countries, go to World Leaders.